The reference version is the paper published in Findings of ACL 2025, not the arXiv preprint previously stored in the dataset. The preprint focused on GPT-4o and GPT-4 Turbo; the publication studies seven snapshots: GPT-4o, GPT-4o mini, GPT-4 Turbo, Claude 3 Sonnet, Claude 3 Haiku, Gemini 1.5 Pro, and Gemini 1.5 Flash. It asks whether instructions describing Big Five levels alter model responses to gambles and whether those changes follow relationships reported in human studies. The method first asks a model to directly report a gamble's certainty equivalent: the least positive or most negative amount it would accept instead of gambling, with a step-by-step reasoning instruction. Each experiment has 15 runs at temperature 1. A seed is fixed per run when supported, but Gemini Pro and Flash did not provide seed control. Five cumulative prospect theory parameters, gain sensitivity alpha, loss sensitivity beta, loss aversion lambda, and gain/loss probability weighting, are fitted by Nelder-Mead on 56 mixed choices13k gambles, initialized at historical human medians. GPT-4o has medians alpha=0.99, beta=1.00, lambda=0.97, phi+=1.00, and phi-=1.00; Claude 3 Sonnet is also close to one. Gemini Pro and Flash are reported as exactly 1.00 for every parameter with degenerate intervals. GPT-4o mini and Claude 3 Haiku have wider intervals, especially for lambda. The paper calls the first group approximately risk-neutral. That label is limited to this numeric response protocol: asking for a certainty equivalent with step-by-step reasoning can prompt expected-value arithmetic and is not an incentivized choice, stable preference, or real financial behavior. The human comparison is not protocol-matched. LLM parameters are fitted on choices13k with the new method, whereas the human reference is a point estimate from 25 Tversky-Kahneman graduate students on different prospects; those same human medians initialize optimization. For baseline personality, models answer IPIP-NEO-300 and are compared with 4,808 UK and Irish respondents aged over 30. Models generally score higher on Openness, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness and lower on Neuroticism, but these are context-generated self-report answers rather than evidence of internal traits. The intervention concatenates bipolar adjectives for one trait in the system prompt. Risk experiments use levels 1, 3, 7, and 9. For GPT-4o, Spearman correlations between Openness level and alpha, beta, and lambda are 0.52, 0.44, and -0.30. For Claude 3 Sonnet they are 0.41, 0.46, and -0.15. The alpha and beta directions match the human pattern selected by the authors: higher Openness corresponds to greater risk-seeking for gains and less for losses. GPT-4o mini does not reproduce it; Claude 3 Haiku and both Gemini variants show partial or inverse directions, while GPT-4 Turbo only shows local patterns within subsets of levels. Repeating the GPT-4o analysis across all five traits makes Openness the only trait marked significant for alpha and beta. However, Agreeableness has a significant, larger-magnitude association with lambda (-0.44 versus -0.30), so 'primary driver' is defensible only for the selected gain/loss sensitivity parameters, not for every risk-related CPT parameter. The psychological interpretation is strongly confounded by prompt language. Markers include adventurous and daring, timid/bold, spontaneous/predictable, impulsive/level-headed, careless/thorough, and extravagant/thrifty. These words can directly steer risk answers. The experiment shows that persona text changes task text; it does not isolate an abstract Big Five trait from semantic priming. An appendix uses BFI-44, 50 runs, and four levels to show that all five target traits change more than non-target traits in GPT-4o and GPT-4o mini. This validates instruction following within another questionnaire, but it does not remove the lexical confound or establish persistence outside the prompt. The publication also contains material internal errors. Methods define D as 56 mixed gambles, while Tables 1 and 2 call it non-mixed. Text calls level 4 neutral, while pseudocode places neutral at 5 and maps level 4 to a bit low. A heading says Claude Sonnet 2 although the model is Claude 3 Sonnet. Limitations say intervention effectiveness was checked only for Openness in GPT-4o, contradicting the all-trait GPT-4o and mini appendix. Significance legends are ambiguous or impossible: Tables 1 and 2 use 0.05/0.025/0.001, while Tables 13 and 14 print 0.01/0.05/0.01 for one, two, and three stars. Exact p-values, degrees of freedom, and multiplicity correction are absent. It is also unclear whether the 15 samples per level are treated as independent observations; no hierarchical or clustered analysis is provided. The bootstrap states 10,000 samples without defining the resampling unit. There is no random-adjective or semantically neutral baseline, parameter-recovery study, optimizer multistart, held-out validation, or raw data. The paper prints prompts, versions, prospect tables, and packages but links no code or outputs. The choices13k sample is called random without a selection seed. Finally, attributing differences between large and small models to distillation or knowledge transfer exceeds the design: no training lineage, controlled distillation pair, common architecture, or size-isolation experiment is documented. The faithful conclusion is narrower: under this numeric prompt, several snapshots yield parameters close to risk neutrality; Openness descriptions shift alpha and beta monotonically in GPT-4o and Claude 3 Sonnet, but not consistently across other families. This is evidence of contextual steering of gamble responses, not latent personality, psychological causation, human cognition, a distillation effect, or real financial behavior.
Research question
Do the responses of various LLMs to bets change when the system prompt describes levels of the Big Five, and do those changes follow the associations between Openness and risk reported in human studies?