This Findings of EMNLP 2025 paper is a narrative survey and taxonomy proposal about personality in LLMs, not a reproducible systematic review or an empirical study. That distinction is central. Although the abstract says it systematically analyzes limitations and the introduction calls the work the first systematic account of multimodal personality modeling, the paper reports no bibliographic databases, search query, search date or time window, inclusion and exclusion criteria, screening process, number of retrieved or included studies, reviewers, extraction protocol, quality assessment, or risk-of-bias appraisal. It does not provide an included-study table. Comprehensive therefore describes topical ambition rather than demonstrated coverage, and systematic should not be read as a formal systematic-review design. The authors themselves acknowledge that recent or domain-specific contributions may be missing, that low-resource languages, cultural adaptation, and longitudinal user studies are outside scope, and that they perform no benchmarking, reimplementation, or quantitative comparison. The defensible contribution is a broad conceptual map. The taxonomy first organizes how personality is modeled. Early approaches include manual rules and lexicons, engineered features, n-grams, classical embeddings, and machine learning, followed by pretrained models such as BERT and GPT-2. In the LLM era it separates model-centric approaches, zero-shot, few-shot, and fine-tuning, from system-level approaches, RAG and agents. Zero-shot and few-shot control output through instructions or demonstrations. Fine-tuning changes model parameters and may offer greater stability, but requires data, compute, and safeguards against overfitting or catastrophic forgetting. RAG can add user or contextual information without retraining but depends on retrieval quality. Agents can maintain profiles, memory, and tools but make persona coherence more complex. This classification is useful for locating techniques, yet it groups distinct phenomena under personality: psychometric traits, induced styles, user profiles, personalization, fictional characters, role-playing, and agent behavior. The paper supplies no construct test for deciding when a conditioned output is a trait, a persona, or ordinary instruction following. A second dimension extends expression beyond text to vision, voice, and virtual reality. The argument is that prosody, facial expression, gesture, and embodiment can make personality more credible. However, the multimodal evidence is much thinner than the textual literature, and the VR subsection prominently relies on one 2025 study coauthored by survey authors. The limitations concede that most cited work remains text-centric. Embodying therefore marks a promising agenda, not a mature or demonstrably representative evidence base. The third dimension compares qualitative and quantitative evaluation. Human evaluation can provide contextual sensitivity but is expensive, subjective, difficult to reproduce, and sensitive to annotator demographics. LLM-as-judge reduces cost and scales judgment but imports evaluator bias and cultural limitations, can be inconsistent or hallucinate, and needs independent calibration. Among quantitative methods, psychometric questionnaires yield apparently standardized scores but were designed for humans. A model predicts tokens rather than introspecting a stable self; option order, wording, scale format, framing, and possible training exposure can change answers. LIWC is traceable and easy to apply, but rigid dictionaries lose context and semantics. Vectors and embeddings capture contextual relations and scale well, yet are less interpretable and can correlate with personality labels without psychometric grounding. This discussion correctly identifies important threats but empirically validates none of the method families. Table 1 assigns binary values to five methods for Traceable, Scalable, Prompt-Agnostic, and Context-Aware. The axes are neither operationalized nor measured. For example, whether human evaluation is prompt-agnostic or personality tests are context-unaware depends on the actual protocol. The table is an editorial heuristic rather than comparative evidence. The proposed directions follow logically from the diagnosis: develop prompt-invariant, context-aware, psychometrically grounded benchmarks; integrate modalities; scale personalization; and ensure conditioned behavior remains safe, coherent, and socially appropriate. The ethical discussion notes manipulation by emotionally adaptive personas, stereotypes imposed by trait taxonomies, impersonation of public or fictional figures, and lack of consent or transparency in longitudinal adaptation. These are pertinent risks, but they are not subjected to systematic evidence review or causal evaluation. The paper contributes no experiments, sample, executed models, new dataset, code, or quantitative synthesis. Claims about advances belong to cited primary studies and must not be represented as the survey's own findings. Nor does it establish that LLMs possess internal traits, that any technique produces stable personality, that human inventories are valid for machines, that the literature coverage is complete, or that there is consensus on the best evaluation method. It should be cited as a useful and critical narrative taxonomy: it supplies vocabulary connecting modeling, modalities, and evaluation, while the strength of each conclusion depends on the primary sources and completeness cannot be audited. The previous repository record also had a critical integrity defect: abstract_en_original was a generic invented paragraph absent from the publication. It has been replaced verbatim with the ACL abstract, including the source's development LLMs and consistent consistent errors because an original-text field must remain faithful to the source.
Research question
How can the literature on modeling, multimodal expression, and personality evaluation in LLMs be conceptually organized, and what limitations and future directions does that literature identify?