This EACL 2026 paper maps a classic distinction in political representation onto LLMs. A delegate tries to reproduce a person's expressed preferences; a trustee exercises judgment about what would serve that person's interests. The authors ask what changes when a model stops predicting a profile's vote and instead estimates the short- and long-term consequences of yes and no. The contribution is not proof that either role is correct. It exposes a trade-off: weighting the future can move outputs toward expert-backed positions, but it can also make the system impose its own prior stance more strongly on contested questions.
The experiment is entirely synthetic. GPT-4o generates one hundred demographic combinations for U.S. voters and then writes a detailed biography for each. There are no human participants or observed votes. The policy set contains fifteen contested topics, including immigration, the minimum wage, health care, and pensions, plus five topics for which the authors select an expert-consensus position. Every proposal has an oppositely worded counterpart, producing thirty contested and ten consensus formulations. This reversal provides a wording-sensitivity check, although not every pair is perfectly symmetric in meaning.
Four proprietary snapshots are evaluated at temperature zero: GPT-4o, GPT-4o-mini, Claude 3.7 Sonnet, and Claude 3 Haiku. In the delegate condition, the model receives a biography and predicts how the person would vote, using five prompt variants. In the trustee condition it does not directly cast a vote; it assigns 0-100 utilities to yes and no. One procedure estimates six consecutive five-year periods and applies exponential discounting. A second combines short- and long-term utility at varying weights and uses three utility phrasings. The higher aggregate utility becomes the vote. The authors then compare that vote with the same model's neutral-prompt default or, for the consensus subset, with the answer backed by their sources.
On contested policies, moving from delegate to trustee raises agreement with the model default for all four systems: Claude Sonnet goes from 57% to 72%, Claude Haiku from 65% to 78%, GPT-4o from 63% to 83%, and GPT-4o-mini from 62% to 73%. One immigration example rises from 59% to 92%. The core result is therefore a movement away from the preference attributed to a profile and toward the model's prior position when the model is asked to judge future interest. The paper presents this as a paternalism risk: a system that appears to reason more deeply may represent the provider more and the user less.
Across the five areas labeled expert consensus, trustee votes usually move toward the author-selected target. For a carbon-restriction policy, agreement rises from 75% under delegation to nearly 100% under trusteeship. Group aggregates also differ. For contested items, Republican-profile agreement with the model default rises from 19% to 62%, independent profiles from 78% to 81%, and Democratic profiles move from 92% to 86%. Profiles below USD 50,000 rise from 54% to 76%, compared with 73% to 78% above USD 100,000. On consensus items, Republican profiles rise from 68% to 87% and lower-income profiles from 79% to 88%. These are model outputs for synthetic biographies, not measured effects on those populations.
The model-size conclusion needs particular care. The prose highlights larger default-agreement gaps for Sonnet than Haiku and for GPT-4o than GPT-4o-mini in selected aggregates. Final Table 9, however, uses vote divergence and reports greater delegate-to-trustee divergence for GPT-4o-mini than GPT-4o on both consensus policies, 0.2837 versus 0.1500, and social issues, 0.2868 versus 0.2450. This is not necessarily a numerical contradiction because the metrics differ, but it prevents a general rule that greater size causes more trustee-like behavior or more bias. There are only two pairs, and size is confounded with family, snapshot, and training.
The full-text audit finds another material inconsistency. The method section says every model default agrees with expert consensus on the five consensus areas. Table 5 nevertheless shows Claude answering no both to 'GMOs should NOT be allowed' and to 'GMOs should be allowed because they are safe'; its positive-form answer opposes the listed expert answer, while reversed formulations receive the same vote. This makes tables that treat default and expert consensus as interchangeable ambiguous. It also illustrates that expert consensus is author-curated from literature rather than a direct survey of experts on each exact sentence, and agreement with that target does not establish an individual's welfare.
The final paper adds demographic and model-size t-tests, many with small p-values. Profiles, policies, reversed formulations, and prompt variants are repeatedly reused, however, and the paper does not state clearly which unit enters each test as an independent observation. It reports no multilevel model, clustered inference, multiple-testing correction, or effect confidence intervals. There is no preregistration. Temperature zero supports consistency, but provider outputs can remain nondeterministic, and the paper does not report seeds, retries, parse failures, missing outputs, or repeated runs to measure stability.
The central construct problem is that the entire circuit is LLM-generated. GPT-4o writes profiles, and models generate both the alleged delegate vote and trustee utility. The study does not validate whether biographies represent real people, contain stereotypes, predict actual votes, or whether a one-dimensional utility score represents long-term interest. The connection to sycophancy is conceptual: no sycophancy benchmark is administered and agreement-seeking is not directly manipulated. The paper acknowledges several of these limits and raises autonomy, provider power, and algorithmic monoculture as ethical concerns.
Public reproducibility is low. All 24 published pages, the Responsible NLP Checklist, and the arXiv TeX sources were reviewed, but no code, profiles, executable prompt set, raw outputs, policy file, or statistical scripts were located. Reported API cost is about USD 500. The figures are therefore preserved as reported, not reproduced. A faithful reading is that changing the prompt and utility aggregation can systematically move simulated votes toward model defaults and, on a small curated set, toward expert-backed positions. It does not show that a trustee improves human decisions, that model utility measures welfare, that demographic effects are real, that model size causes the pattern, or that sycophancy has been solved.