“I understand your perspective”: LLM Persuasion through the Lens of Communicative Action Theory

Applications, bias, and safety2025ACL AnthologyApproved editorial review

Authors: Esra Dönmez, Agnieszka Faleńska

Keywords: Computation and Language, Artificial Intelligence, Computers and Society

Source: Open primary source (opens in a new tab)

2
Authors
7
Findings
11
Limitations
5
Evidence

Editorial summary

English

The paper studies how three selected LLMs, Llama-2-chat 7B, Mistral-7B-Instruct and GPT-3.5-turbo, write counter-arguments for 13,504 sociopolitical posts from the pre-2016 r/ChangeMyView corpus. Each model receives only the post plus the instruction 'You have one chance to change my view'; one response is sampled at temperature 0.9, top_p 0.6 and a 600-token cap. The analysis does not observe intentions directly. It reuses nine LSTM classifiers that assign social dimensions such as knowledge, trust, support, similarity and conflict, represents a message by its maximum sentence score, binarizes at the 85th percentile and applies a length discount. Under this operationalization, all three generated corpora almost always contain language classified as trust, with odds ratios from 375.31 to 611.28 relative to human delta comments. Generated messages also contain more dimensions per message but less knowledge and similarity, the two dimensions most associated with delta in the human data. The trust result appears to be driven by recurring formulas such as 'I understand your perspective' and does not demonstrate felt trust or Habermasian intention. To examine interaction dynamics, the paper compares dimensions in a post and its comment. Some human reciprocity patterns are associated with receiving a delta, and the models reproduce part of those patterns; GPT-3.5 shows stronger reciprocity on several dimensions. This comparison is observational and conditional: it does not show that any generated response changed an opinion. In an additional exploratory study, 40 US Prolific workers evaluate 100 triples containing a post, one human delta comment and one GPT-3.5 response. By majority vote, workers select the GPT response as more likely to change the original poster's view in 83 of 100 cases, with Krippendorff's alpha of 0.79, and report agreement with 92 GPT comments versus 66 human comments. The raters are not the original posters, however, and judge hypothetical third-party persuasiveness; there is no pre/post measure or observed opinion change. Finally, the link presented as 'our code & data' contains only a generic .gitignore and a CC0 license, so the filtering, generations, classifier labels, statistics and survey cannot be reproduced from the audited public artifact.

Español

El trabajo estudia cómo tres LLM seleccionados, Llama-2-chat 7B, Mistral-7B-Instruct y GPT-3.5-turbo, redactan contraargumentos para 13.504 publicaciones sociopolíticas del corpus pre-2016 de r/ChangeMyView. A cada modelo se le muestra solo la publicación y la instrucción «You have one chance to change my view»; se genera una respuesta con temperatura 0,9, top_p 0,6 y límite de 600 tokens. El análisis no observa intenciones directamente: reutiliza nueve clasificadores LSTM que asignan a cada texto dimensiones sociales como conocimiento, confianza, apoyo, similitud o conflicto, toma la puntuación máxima entre sus frases, binariza al percentil 85 y aplica un descuento por longitud. Con esta operacionalización, las respuestas de los tres modelos contienen lenguaje clasificado como confianza casi siempre, con odds ratios de 375,31 a 611,28 frente a comentarios humanos que recibieron delta; también concentran más dimensiones por mensaje, pero menos conocimiento y similitud, precisamente las dos dimensiones más asociadas con delta en los datos humanos. El resultado de confianza parece estar impulsado por fórmulas recurrentes como «I understand your perspective» y no demuestra confianza sentida ni intención habermasiana. Para estudiar dinámica conversacional, el artículo compara dimensiones del post y del comentario. Algunos patrones humanos de reciprocidad se asocian con delta, y los modelos reproducen parte de ellos; GPT-3.5 muestra reciprocidad más fuerte en varias dimensiones. Esa comparación es observacional y condicional: no se muestra que las respuestas generadas cambien ninguna opinión. En un estudio exploratorio adicional, 40 trabajadores estadounidenses de Prolific evalúan 100 ternas formadas por un post, un comentario humano con delta y una respuesta de GPT-3.5. Por voto mayoritario, eligen la respuesta de GPT como más probable para cambiar la opinión del autor en 83 de 100 casos, con alfa de Krippendorff 0,79, y declaran estar de acuerdo con 92 respuestas de GPT frente a 66 humanas. Los evaluadores, sin embargo, no son los autores originales y juzgan persuasividad hipotética de un tercero; no hay medida pre/post ni cambio real de opinión. Además, el enlace presentado como «código y datos» contiene solo un .gitignore genérico y una licencia CC0, por lo que el filtrado, las generaciones, las etiquetas, las estadísticas y la encuesta no pueden reproducirse con el artefacto público auditado.

Research question

What social dimensions do automatic classifiers detect in LLM counterarguments, how do they differ from human comments with and without delta, to what extent do they reproduce post-comment dynamics associated with opinion change, and which of a human response with delta or a GPT-3.5 response do third parties judge as more persuasive?

Method

Observational analysis of the ChangeMyView corpus of Tan et al. and generation of one counterargument per post with three models selected after an automatic screening of seven models over 50 posts. Nine inherited LSTM classifiers score social dimensions per sentence; the maximum per message is used, with an 85th percentile threshold, length discount, odds ratios and 95% nominal intervals. An exploratory study compares 100 human-GPT pairs using three judgments per case on Prolific.

Sample: The corpus goes from 20,626 posts and 1,260,266 comments to 20,151 and 1,193,483 after cleaning, and to 13,504 posts and 864,890 comments after the sociopolitical filter. 7,254 comments are marked as positive because they are parent comments written by a person who receives a delta in the thread. Model selection uses 50 posts. The survey uses 100 triplets, three annotations per triplet, and 40 English-speaking US residents, 20 women and 20 men.

Findings

  • In the human data, knowledge (OR 1.84) and similarity (1.58) are positively associated with delta; absence of dimensions and the other seven dimensions are negatively associated under automatic labeling.
  • The three models show almost universal detected confidence: OR 375.31 for Llama-2, 434.93 for Mistral, and 611.28 for GPT-3.5 compared to human comments with delta.
  • Generated responses contain more support, status, power, conflict, identity, and fun, but less similarity (approx. OR 0.60-0.62) and knowledge (0.53) than comments with delta.
  • Human comments that reciprocate knowledge, power, or similarity show positive associations with delta; the models reproduce part of the diagonals and GPT-3.5 shows higher reciprocity in several combinations.
  • In the survey, the GPT-3.5 comment is chosen as more likely to change the opinion in 83 of 100 cases by majority vote; global alpha 0.79.
  • Workers express majority agreement with 92 GPT comments and 66 human comments, but preference and agreement do not equate to observed persuasion.
  • The public repository cited as code and data contains no executable or analytical artifact in the audited commit.

Limitations

  • The social dimensions are inherited automatic proxies; there is no human validation of illocutionary intention in the study generations.
  • The maximum per sentence, the 85th percentile threshold, length, and alignment formulas may especially inflate the confidence label.
  • All parent comments by the author who receives a delta are labeled as persuasive, even though the change may be due only to another subsequent message.
  • LLMs receive the isolated post, while human comments belong to threads with context and different conversational positions.
  • The screening of seven models is based on only 50 posts and selects results using automatic classifiers; this limits generalization.
  • Checkpoints, revisions, templates, seeds, runtime versions, or GPT-3.5 snapshot are not specified.
  • The analyses do not explicitly model dependence by author, post, or thread, nor do they document correction for the numerous comparisons of pairs of dimensions.
  • The survey is exploratory, with 100 cases, only with GPT-3.5 and US workers judging a third party.
  • Length, style, fluency, topic, or prior agreement among the compared comments are not experimentally controlled.
  • Alignment training is not manipulated nor is sycophancy measured as a mechanism.
  • The promised repository does not allow reproducing the study.

What the study does not establish

  • It does not demonstrate that LLMs possess confidence, understanding, communicative intention, or Habermasian agency.
  • It does not validate that the classifiers directly measure illocutionary intention in LLM text.
  • It does not prove that confidence language causes persuasion.
  • It does not mean that GPT-3.5 changed 83% of the opinions or that it persuaded the original authors.
  • It does not demonstrate general persuasive superiority of LLMs over humans.
  • It does not causally establish that preference training or alignment training produce these patterns.
  • It does not demonstrate that reciprocating social dimensions causes opinion change.
  • It does not generalize to the seven candidate models, to current models, to other languages, platforms, or real dialogues.
  • It does not attribute results to reproducible checkpoints.
  • It does not provide the code and data it declares available.
  • It does not establish sycophancy independently in the published experiment.

Traceability

Scope: Full text

Version: Findings of ACL 2025 version of record, pages 15312-15327; later related preprint arXiv:2606.08076v1 identified but not substituted for the published record

Consulted source: https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-acl.793/

Review: Codex 16-page visual, official-ACL, later-arXiv-metadata, CMV-delta-label, model-selection, social-dimension-construct, statistics, crowd-preference, claim-boundary and empty-artifact audit, 2026-07-16

Approval: Codex fidelity pass, 2026-07-16

English translation: approved, 2026-07-18

Models evaluated

  • Llama-2-chat 7B
  • Mistral-7B-Instruct
  • GPT-3.5-turbo
  • Candidate screen only: Llama-2-chat 70B
  • Candidate screen only: Llama-3-chat 8B
  • Candidate screen only: Llama-3-chat 70B
  • Candidate screen only: GPT-4

Instruments and metrics

  • Nine Choi et al. 2020 LSTM social-dimension classifiers
  • Falk and Lapesa 2023 argument-quality adapters for model selection
  • Sociopolitical-post logistic-regression classifier inherited from Monti et al. 2022
  • DeltaBot-derived proxy for opinion-changing comments
  • Prolific agreement and forced-choice preference survey
  • Krippendorff's alpha
  • Odds ratios with nominal 95% confidence intervals

Data used

  • Tan et al. 2016 ChangeMyView corpus, pre-2016
  • 13,504 filtered sociopolitical posts and 864,890 comments
  • 7,254 comments proxy-labeled as delta-associated
  • 13,504 generated counter-arguments per selected model
  • 100 post-human-delta-GPT triples for crowdsourcing

Evidence and location

  • Metadata, abstract, DOI, and published version: ACL Anthology 2025.findings-acl.793
  • Design, corpus, models, results, limitations, ethics, and appendices: Findings of ACL 2025 PDF, 16 pages, sha256 03eb21a11530a0c254307e3039fb3806d75afae702f78b32cdccd0226cb396f8
  • Later version, official subjects, and extended title with sycophancy: arXiv:2606.08076v1
  • Absence of code and data despite the paper's declaration: esradonmez/llm_persuasion commit 973aaa951e08ed9627175dc9688a93365729c0ee
  • Audit of construct, delta, selection, statistics, survey, claims, and reproducibility: reports/verification/article-241-acl-persuasive-social-dimensions-crowd-preference-and-empty-artifact-audit.json