This ICLR 2026 paper studies how LLM-based agents can adapt to unfamiliar environments at deployment time. It is not substantively a synthetic-personality study: “personas” are used only to generate diverse exploration goals for discovering website rules. The paper separates two failure modes. The first is syntactic: the model does not match an environment's observation, action, or function-call format. The second is semantic: it does not know which state transition an action will cause. For the first, Syntactic Alignment (SA) adds a small adaptation vector to model states and updates it online through language-model loss on the current task context; the vector is reset between episodes. For the second, Dynamics Grounding (DG) has an LLM synthesize exploration profiles and goals before task execution, run exploratory trajectories, extract rules from observed transitions, filter repetitive or trivial rules, and inject the remainder into the prompt as a nonparametric world model. The evaluation covers WebArena, BFCLv3, and Tau-Bench. WebVoyager is named in a table caption and represented by data in the repository, but no WebVoyager result row is reported. On WebArena, GPT-4.1 improves overall from 30% to 35% with DG, and on BFCLv3 from 55.5% to 64%. The headline 2%-to-23% gain applies only to WebArena's multi-site subset, not the aggregate result. DG also does not improve every website: for GPT-4.1 it lowers success on GitLab, Shopping Admin, and Shopping while raising it on Reddit, Map, and multi-site tasks. GPT-4o mini improves from 12% to 18% on WebArena. For Qwen2.5-14B, SA, DG, and their hybrid move WebArena from a 17% baseline to 18%, 20%, and 21%, respectively. On BFCLv3, the baseline is 18.5%, DG reaches 22%, and the hybrid falls to 21%, so combining the methods is not uniformly best. On Tau-Bench, where only SA is tested and five seeds are used, Qwen rises from 21.6% to 25.2% on airline and from 43.3% to 44.9% on retail. WebArena and BFCLv3 are reported as point estimates on fixed tasks without reruns, confidence intervals, or significance tests. Reported SA latency overhead is about 3% for one step and 15.6% for five steps; DG has an amortizable exploration phase estimated at about seven million tokens and 7.5 hours per website. The official repository exposes personas, configurations, extracted dynamics, and a BFCL fork, but it does not reproduce the paper end to end: raw trajectories, task outputs, scores, execution ledgers, and Tau-Bench integration are missing. The released SA path has blocking defects, including undefined attributes, incompatible reset-file paths, and incorrect gradient masking. The WebArena instructions actually select OpenAI with DG rather than SA, and the client contains a hardcoded devtunnels.ms endpoint. Table 7's unfiltered dynamics counts also disagree with the official files for every site except GitLab. The evidence supports the narrower claim that SA and DG can improve benchmark averages in these configurations. It does not show that the method creates personality, improves every task or environment, or that the released artifact can verify every reported table without repair.
Research question
Can LLM agents adapt during deployment to the syntax and causal dynamics of unseen environments, using lightweight parametric adaptation and a world model extracted through prior exploration?