Published in Transportation Research Part C in 2026, this paper proposes calibrating GPT-4o traveler agents to predict how an individual changes routes in a repeated congestion game. Each traveler agent combines a four-period short memory, a 24-period long memory, and a free-form textual “persona” describing preferences, thresholds, and decision rules. A second GPT-4o agent acts as a calibrator. At each period it reevaluates the persona over an eight-observation window, writes textual “pseudo-gradients” attributing prediction errors, synthesizes update directions, generates candidate personas, re-simulates them, and retains a candidate only if it lowers loss. The result is then smoothed with a summary of up to 80 periods. Persona here is therefore a learned verbal policy for a binary task, not a validated psychological personality. The evaluation reuses a laboratory experiment with 15 students making 160 repeated choices between an expressway and one of two local roads. The first 80 periods are used for training and the last 80 for evaluation on the same individuals. The method reports 0.655 accuracy and 0.635 group-weighted F1, compared with 0.549 and 0.544 for the best baseline: absolute gains of 10.6 and 9.1 percentage points, or relative gains of 19.3% and 16.7%. It beats each baseline for 10 to 12 of the 15 participants depending on the metric, but is not best for everyone. On a two-dimensional behavior measure, switching after a loss and staying after a win, it reaches mean cosine similarity 0.974, only 0.004 above Bounded-LLM, and ranks last for three participants. This similarity is near saturation for every method, measures vector angle rather than magnitude, and does not observe cognition. In the aggregate simulation where all models receive the true previous system state, MAPE falls from 42.3% to 40.0% and the quantity called MSE from 7.49 to 5.94. However, the inspected arXiv formula averages an unsquared L2 norm, so it does not define mean squared error; missing code prevents resolving the discrepancy. The free-running simulation without true previous states is presented only through plots and qualitative discussion. An audit of the public input confirms 2,400 unique records, 15 people by 160 periods, with no missing participant-period pair. It also shows that Table 1 is mislabeled: its headings say first/last 20 days, but its percentages are calculated from the first/last 80 periods. Although the paper calls the input “real-world” data, it is a roughly 45-minute laboratory game. One of five available human groups is selected without a reported rationale. There are no significance tests, intervals, repeated GPT-4o runs, component ablations, or evaluation on unseen people, other models, or transport networks. The original human input is public, but the calibration code, prompts, exact GPT-4o snapshot, predictions, persona histories, losses, and cost accounting are not. The study supports improved temporal prediction for these 15 people in this setup, not recovery of their cognition or generalization to real travelers.
Research question
Can an LLM-based calibrating agent learn and update an individual textual persona so that another LLM agent better predicts the evolution of the route choices of human travelers?