SynthesizeMe turns a short history of pairwise choices into a personalized prompt for predicting future choices. It does not start from a declared identity or trait inventory. First, an LLM speculates about why the user selected one response and validation-driven search retains reasoning that helps predict a small held-out context. The selected explanations are then condensed into a natural-language persona. Finally, the method searches for prior examples that, together with the persona, maximize validation accuracy. The instruction for writing personas is optimized with DSPy MIPROv2 on PRISM users and transferred to Chatbot Arena and other models. The paper explicitly states that the initial reasoning is generated without background knowledge and is purely speculative.
Evaluation uses PersonalRewardBench, a curation of two existing datasets. Chatbot Arena contributes 131 users and 1,338 pairs; PRISM contributes 723 users, 3,897 conversations, and 16,705 pairs, for 854 users in total. Users need at least five preferences, GPT-4o-mini filters queries deemed personalizable, and five LLM judges run in both response orders remove unanimously judged cases. Users are partitioned 40/10/50% into train, validation, and test; within each user, temporally ordered interactions are divided 50/20/30% into training context, validation context, and target preferences. Full Parquet QA reproduces the totals and finds no user or conversation crossing partitions. It also finds 12 duplicate PRISM rows, six pairs with identical chosen and rejected responses, and up to 16 correlated pairs per conversation. The personalizability filter was checked on only 100 manually labeled examples with a 50-case test set, without annotator agreement or uncertainty.
For LLM judges, the paper reports gains up to 4.4 points on Chatbot Arena and 3.41 on PRISM. Those figures depend on the variant and comparator: 61.97% for 70B Just Demos versus the 57.57% Memory baseline on Arena, and 57.76% for 70B Just Demos versus the 54.35% default judge on PRISM. The ablation is central: persona text without demonstrations is worse than the default judge for 3B and 70B on both datasets and improves only the two 8B cases. Every winning configuration contains selected examples. With a persona prompt distilled from 70B, the 8B Persona+Demos variant reaches 61.62% on Arena and 55.24% on PRISM, versus 53.70% and 52.80% for the default judge. Distribution-fitted Bradley-Terry reward models are much stronger, however. Adding SynthesizeMe improves only three of six configurations slightly, always within the reported intervals, and degrades or leaves unchanged the others; the authors therefore recommend it mainly for in-context personalization.
Persona fidelity has a narrow operational meaning. PRISM users wrote one or two sentences about what they wanted from an LLM; GPT-4o-mini, not human raters, decides whether a generated persona strongly matches those statements. True-pair match rates rise from 26.5% to 50.2% and 56.1% for 3B, 8B, and 70B, while random matches remain around 46-47% for 8B/70B; only the 70B comparison is marked significant. This supports some predictive association, not the truth of biographical or psychological detail. Appendix prompts invent unobserved names, ages, occupations, values, interests, and traits. The optimized 70B instruction itself embeds topics from the optimization set, art, social justice, environmental issues, pessimism, and hope, showing dataset imprinting. Readable text is not automatically a causal explanation or factual user description.
Uncertainty and artifacts further narrow the conclusion. The released code bootstraps the two orders of a pair and multiple pairs from one conversation as separate observations, without user or conversation clustering, so uncertainty may be understated. The benchmark is selected with the same class of LLM judges later evaluated, and unanimity is not ground-truth accuracy. The authors acknowledge possible contamination of Gemini models by public Chatbot Arena data, limited longitudinal realism, and sycophancy risk. The repository contains the core algorithm and prompts but not the full filtering pipeline or scripts to reproduce tables, baselines, and seeds; it has no tests and only a publishing workflow. `pip install SynthesizeMe` currently selects stable 0.0.1 rather than repository version 0.0.11-alpha.1 and lacks the documented dataset loader. The repository version omits the `datasets` dependency and has defects in loading, demo fallback, and pre-fit state. Both complete derived datasets are public, but their cards are empty and unlicensed, fail to carry forward upstream no-reidentification and licensing terms, and retain PRISM identifiers linkable to demographic profiles. The supported result is that selected examples and, in some settings, persona hypotheses improve preference prediction on two filtered benchmarks. The paper does not establish that the system discovers who a user is or that its personas are true, safe, or stable.