Teaching Values to Machines is a published ACL GEM 2026 workshop paper, pages 825-847, DOI 10.18653/v1/2026.gem-main.70, under CC BY 4.0. Its associated preprint carries an important provenance warning: arXiv:2605.30036v1 was submitted on 28 May 2026, but Asaf Yehudai withdrew v2 on 16 June, stating that there was a disagreement about proper attribution and that the authors hoped to resolve it. The current arXiv version has no PDF or license, while ACL Anthology still publishes the paper under Asaf Yehudai, Naama Rozen, and Ariel Gera. The audit used the GEM PDF as authoritative and visually inspected all twenty-three pages plus complete text; it also inspected all twenty-three arXiv v1 pages and the complete TeX source. The paper asks whether short value descriptions can systematically steer LLM behavior, whether resulting value structures and value-behavior relations resemble human correlations, and whether mixtures of outputs can simulate population-level psychological experiments. The intervention does not learn a personality. It prefixes one of ten Schwartz-based prompts, power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, self-direction, universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity, or security, asking the model to imagine being a person who strongly values that content. Models are Flan-T5-XXL, Llama-3-8B-Instruct, Llama-3-70B-Instruct, Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct, Qwen3-235B-A22B-Instruct-2507, GPT-OSS-20B, and GPT-OSS-120B. For RQ1, the authors reuse the Perez et al. persona evaluation: they randomly select fifty statements per behavior, ask yes/no questions under ten value prompts, and aggregate agreement. Figures show large changes across politics, religion, ethics, personality, agency, and safety and some negative correlations for theoretically opposing values. The number of behavior datasets, selected statements, and random seeds are not disclosed. The psychological layer uses the forty-item PVQ for ten values and five behavioral measures: nine donation causes, the sixteen-item Prosocialness Scale, a paired charity game, the sixty-item BFI-2, and the eighty-five-item Everyday Behavior Questionnaire. Temperature is 0.7 and each psychological prompt is said to be repeated one hundred times; exact model revisions, runtime, serialization, top-p, limits, seeds, parser, retries, and dates are absent. Outputs are combined into pseudo-populations. Uniform gives ten percent to each value. H-Norm renormalizes the fraction of humans with one dominant value; H-Even spreads the approximately fifty-three percent classified as non-dominant across ten values; H-NP represents that mass with an unprimed model. Model-Specific weights prompts by similarity to the human target structure. For value structure, the paper correlates ten scores, projects them to two dimensions with MDS, Procrustes-aligns model and human maps, and defines S_V as one minus disparity. Table 1 displays this score on a 0-100 scale: means are 79.40 Uniform, 80.90 H-Norm, 81.76 H-Even, 82.81 H-NP, and 78.81 Model-Specific. H-NP is best for six models; Mixtral is best under H-Norm. The caption and prose call S_V a correlation, but it is not Pearson correlation: it is one minus Procrustes disparity after MDS. For behavior, the vectorized LLM and human value-behavior matrices are compared using Pearson S_B. Under H-NP, Table 2 gives model means from 45.8 for Llama-3-8B to 68.0 for Qwen. Dimension means are 77.7 Charity, 45.2 Donation, 39.1 Prosocial, 72.5 Everyday, and 64.4 Big Five; Llama-3-8B is -4.1 on Prosocial without significance. The appendix Uniform table spans 48.7-69.0 and is slightly better than H-NP on average behavior similarity. An ablation compares Priming Only, a previously completed PVQ as context, Test Only, and both. H-NP averages are 59.0, 41.5, and 55.6 respectively: Priming Only wins for four of seven models and Priming and Test for three. Uniform averages are 59.8, 42.2, and 56.4. Printed means are arithmetically consistent. The central causal limitation is that both value and behavior measurements share the same explicit value condition. When the ten prompt groups are mixed, between-group mean differences can create strong value-behavior correlations even when no stable within-prompt or within-run relation exists. The paper does not decompose within- and between-condition covariance or fit a multilevel model. It says value and behavior are measured independently but does not explain how stochastic PVQ and behavior generations are paired into a sample. Pairing independent draws would make an individual-level correlation artificial; shared seed, history, or continuity is undocumented. One hundred generations from a shared model and prompt are an output distribution, not one hundred independent people. There is no persistent identity, life history, longitudinal stability, or demographic representativeness. Human-informed methods import the human target into mixture construction, so part of their gain is designed. Model-Specific is more circular: it uses similarity to the human matrix to select weights and evaluates against the same matrix without a held-out cohort. Its formula normalizes raw Pearson scores as w_v=s_v/sum(s_k). Negative similarities could yield negative weights, which are not probabilities; scores and weights are not released. MDS is also under-specified: correlation-to-distance transform, algorithm, initialization, seed, stress, and convergence are absent. Two-dimensional projection and optimal translation, rotation, and scaling favor visually similar maps, but no null distribution or uncertainty is supplied. Significance uses one hundred bootstrap iterations of five hundred simulated samples and a one-sample t-test of those one hundred correlations against zero. Bootstrap estimates reuse the same pool and are not independent experiments; treating them as N=100 artificially shrinks standard error. No intervals, multiplicity correction, or prompt- and item-preserving permutation is reported, making stars anti-conservative. Human targets are heterogeneous rather than one population: Charity combines 276 Australian and 1,042 US donors; Big Five uses 246 Israeli psychology students; the charity game has only forty-six Israeli students; Everyday pools 1,857 people from Italy, Poland, Russia, and the US; Prosocial draws on two Italian young-adult samples of 340 and 245. Pooling and weighting are not defined. The LLM receives BFI-2 while the human matrix comes from a 2002 study predating BFI-2; correlation between instruments does not establish item equivalence. The fifty-three-percent prior is transferred across all populations without publishing ten exact weights. The claim of over five million questions cannot be reconstructed: the Perez behavior count, selected items, whether RQ1 is repeated one hundred times, serialization, and a per-condition query ledger are missing. No author repository was found. The TeX includes only a commented promise to release code and data; the actual release contains manuscript and figures but no items, outputs, human matrices, weights, parser, bootstraps, or scripts. The defensible contribution is that explicit value instructions strongly change responses and mixtures of prompt-conditioned distributions can approximate selected aggregate human correlation patterns. It does not establish internal values, persistent personality, synthetic human individuals, individual-level value-behavior relations, population representativeness, valid significance, or independent reproducibility. It should be cited as a GEM 2026 publication with a visible warning that its associated arXiv record remains withdrawn over an unresolved attribution disagreement.
Research question
Can explicit prompts based on the ten Schwartz values induce coherent response patterns in seven LLMs, approximate human correlations between values and behaviors, and form pseudopopulations through mixtures of outputs?