This preprint asks whether psychological scores assigned to LLMs with human instruments reflect traits or a directional response bias. Its central idea is strong: on a forward-keyed item, a high trait and a preference for high scale values push in the same direction; on a reverse-keyed item, the trait changes sign while a scale- or label-direction preference does not. The study administers the IPIP-NEO-300 and 24 risk-preference instruments to 56 instruction-tuned systems, 46 open-weight models from 1B to 70B and ten proprietary APIs, and compares them with 20,993 human personality respondents and 1,507 risk-battery participants. Each model is treated as one default-state respondent. The reference condition uses a fresh chat per item, standard option order, and greedy output; robustness checks vary context, text versus logit extraction, option flipping, model size, and teacher-forced human trajectories. The main signal is clear. Across models, forward-versus-reverse item-mean correlations are positive for all Big Five traits, +0.61 to +0.81; across humans they are negative, -0.69 to -0.82. Removing five globally constant responders weakens but never reverses the result. An independent sensitivity analysis selecting one model from each of 19 model/provider families keeps the correlation positive in 10,000/10,000 draws for every trait, so the sign is not simply an artifact of counting many related variants. The paper maps these correlations to response-bias variance shares of 81-90% in LLMs and 9-16% in humans. That mapping is approximate rather than an exact identity for observed finite-item means with unequal forward and reverse item counts. Directly computing Var(b-hat)/(Var(theta-hat)+Var(b-hat)) from the public data changes the values by less than one percentage point and preserves the headline ranges. However, theta-hat and b-hat are not empirically uncorrelated by construction: correlations reach roughly plus or minus 0.28 in LLMs and plus or minus 0.31 in humans, as unequal error and model violation permit. The mathematical statement should therefore be read under its assumptions. The second result links response orthogonality, balance between directions, to internal consistency. Across 29 instruments, minority-keying proportion correlates -0.95 with LLM mean inter-item correlation, versus -0.41 in humans; ten alternative conditions remain between -0.83 and -0.95. Nearly unidirectional instruments can yield alpha 0.85-0.96 in LLMs, while balanced tasks approach zero or reach alpha -0.52. This is strong evidence that a high alpha can be direction-driven and does not by itself establish a construct. Still, it is an association across 29 heterogeneous instruments: domain, format, content, and keying change together, Cronbach alpha does not exhaust reliability, and humans also lose some consistency with reversed items. Forward-only and reverse-only profiles likewise move substantially for models. Mean absolute instability is 0.48 for open models, 0.23 for proprietary models, and 0.09 for the average human. But the claim of a stable cross-domain model bias needs qualification. The reproduced supplement shows 35/56 models are constant on at least one of 14 subscales; after excluding models constant on one or more, mean cross-scale absolute-bias correlation falls from 0.486 to 0.087 and ICC from 0.418 to 0.024. Stability remains appreciable within the Big Five battery but is weak across risk scales and domains. Proprietary heterogeneity is also obscured by the main text. With only ten systems, non-reasoning correlations are +0.170, -0.381, +0.681, -0.215, and +0.140 for O/C/E/A/N; reasoning correlations are +0.271, -0.340, +0.257, +0.303, and -0.633, with wide intervals. They are not uniformly positive. Gemini-3.1-Flash-Lite reasoning also has 63/300 missing answers because all 300 calls terminate at the token limit; group means silently omit them. This does not affect the non-reasoning main panel, but it qualifies the supplementary comparison and conflicts with the exclusion account. The claim that capability reduces bias is suggestive rather than identified: parameter associations are weak and non-significant; open-versus-proprietary comparisons confound capability with provider, architecture, date, training, API, and decoding; and of five trait-wise tests only Agreeableness, not Neuroticism, survives Bonferroni. The artifact release is unusually useful. In a clean Python 3.11 environment, dependencies installed and run_all.py regenerated 17/17 analyses with zero skips and zero failures from about 590 MB of OSF data; central figures match and all Python compiles. The repository has a license, one-command runner, generation and preprocessing code, and extensive processed data. It is not end-to-end reproduction: about 10 GB of source responses are request-only; tests, CI, a lockfile, OSF snapshot hashes, and the repeatedly cited SI are absent from arXiv, GitHub, and OSF. More seriously, the documented generation environment is currently unsatisfiable because transformers==5.0.0.dev0 is not available from the package index and the claimed exact commit is not published. The defensible conclusion is important but narrower than the title: these human personality and risk instruments, under the tested conditions, are heavily contaminated by response direction and do not license reading alpha or scores as stable traits. The study does not show that every psychological profile, every LLM disposition, or every machine-specific assessment is an artifact. The valid recommendation is to balance response direction, inspect forward and reverse items separately, model artifacts explicitly, and validate LLM-specific behavioral instruments before attributing personality.
Research question
To what extent do differences between LLMs on human instruments of personality and risk preference reflect the intended construct versus a directional preference for values, labels, or positions, and how does the apparent consistency depend on the balance between direct and inverse items?